I’ll be honest - I didn’t read your long post, but I can share a solution that works on my machine 
I’ve searched a lot for this myself, but couldn’t find a step by step guide, so had to combine multiple solutions until it worked. Windows 10 + Laragon + PHPStorm + Chrome
Comment out in php.ini original zend_extension line Then add this:
[xdebug]
zend_extension=xdebug-3.0.3-7.4-vc15-x86_64
xdebug.mode=debug
xdebug.remote_enable = 1
xdebug.idekey = PHPSTORM
OC change path to your Xdebug. In Chrome Xdebug helper select PHP Storm. Setup Xdebuger as described here (except the parts you already have and I didn’t add client host or port)
In PStorm I have this:
When you first run a request, PStorm will ask for some path IIRC. You have to choose your initial script on a correct project if you have multiple